Отопление в доме электрическое: Электрическое отопление дома, типы, особенности применения, какое лучше

индивидуальное электроотопление квартиры в многоквартирном доме, устройство отопления электричеством в частном доме, как сделать

Содержание:

Автономное отопление жилищ имеет все преимущества перед централизованным, так как позволяет самостоятельно регулировать уровень нагрева, не завися от официально принятых дат включения и отключения. В тех случаях, когда магистральный газопровод рядом отсутствует, хорошей альтернативой является автономное электрическое отопление.

Разновидности

Индивидуальное электрическое отопление в квартире бывает:

1. Прямым. Электроэнергия сразу нагревает воздух.
2. Водяным. Электроэнергия сначала нагревает теплоноситель, доставляемый по трубам в батареи отопления.

Прямой обогрев

В системах с прямым электрическим отоплением отсутствует теплоноситель. Здесь происходит преобразование электрической энергии в тепловую, что и способствует нагреванию помещения.

Электрического отопления прямого типа делится на следующие типы:

• Конвекторное. Использует принцип естественного воздухообмена, приводящего к опусканию холодного воздуха вниз. Нагретые воздушные массы двигаются вверх. Для работы этих приборов характерна бесшумность и постоянство нагревания охлажденного воздуха, благодаря чему поддерживается комфортная температура. Конвекторы не нуждаются в постоянном присутствии человека, отличаясь безопасностью функционирования. Обеспечение автоматического режима работы достигается за счет терморегуляторов, которые поддерживают заданную температуру. Конвекторы дают возможность организовать единую автономную систему, управляемую централизовано.

• Инфракрасное. Спецификой системы есть то, что нагревается не воздух, а предметы и люди, находящиеся в отапливаемом помещении. Эффективность работы инфракрасных радиаторов не страдает от сквозняков и открытых окон. Их использованием не приводит к иссушению воздуха и сжиганию содержащегося в нем кислорода. Автономное электрическое отопление квартиры в многоквартирном доме этого типа лучше всего реализуется за счет теплых полов и потолочных радиаторов. Таким образом можно добиться организации экономичного зонального обогрева, когда каждый из участков жилища будет иметь наиболее комфортную температуру.

• Масляные электрические радиаторы. Нагревают воздух посредством металлического корпуса. Каждое такое устройство комплектуется внутренним ТЭНом, разогревающим минеральное масло. Наибольшей эффективностью славятся комбинированные модели, где кроме масляного обогревателя имеется также тепловентилятор. Внутри квартир подобные приборы используются в основном в качестве дополнительного обогрева или в то время, когда центральное отопление еще не включили. Создавать автономную систему с помощью масляных радиаторов дорого и неудобно.

Электрическое отопление водяного типа

В основе работы водяного автономного электроотопления лежит тот же принцип, что и в системах с газовыми, дизельными и твердотопливными котлами. Отличие касаются только использования для нагревания теплоносителя электрической энергии. Преимущество над прямым отоплением заключается в наличии тепловой инерции, позволяющей системе после прекращения подачи электричества еще какое-то время обогревать окружающее пространство, поддерживая в доме комфортную температуру.

Может показаться, что устройство электрического отопления квартиры – слишком дорогое удовольствие. Однако за разрешение на установку газового котла также приходится выложить немалые деньги. Электричество читается наиболее безопасным тепловым агентом, т.к. его использование исключает вероятность отравления, взрыва и других несчастных случаев. Чтобы установить электрический котел, не нужны специальные разрешения и создание дорогостоящих проектов.

Водяное автономное отопление в частном доме электричеством может состоять из одного или двух контуров. Во втором случае наряду с обогревом жилища получают горячую воду для бытовых нужд. Более экономным вариантом является организация двух одноконтурных систем: особенно это касается теплого времени года, когда затрачивается только 25% мощности котла.

Монтаж водяного отопления

Прежде чем монтировать электрическое отопление в многоквартирном доме, необходимо разработать схему обвязки подключения. Под обвязкой в этом случае понимается коммутация котла с другими узлами. Составляя схему, производят замеры площади и высоты помещений. После этого окончательно определяются с типом системы (одноконтурным или двухконтурным), рассчитывают мощность оборудования и место его нахождения.

Схема индивидуального электрического отопления состоит из следующих элементов:

• Электрического котла.
• Расширительной емкости.
• Труб и отопительных батарей.
• Циркуляционной помпы.
• Запорной арматуры.
• Термодатчиков.
• Фильтров.

Преимущество электрических котлов над газовыми заключается также в возможности монтажа в любом месте квартиры. Если используется самотечная система, то нагревающий прибор рекомендуется устанавливать в самой низкой точке контура. Агрегат должен находится подальше от водопровода: таким образом исключается короткое замыкание при протечках водопровода.

Питание нагревателя организовывают посредством автономной электролинии. Расчет мощности котла предусматривает учет площади помещения, уровня теплоизоляции жилища, числа батарей, а также климатической зоны, в которой расположен дом. Квартиры площадью до 60 м² можно оснащать приборами мощностью 6-7 кВт. Местом установки радиаторов отопления традиционно выступают участки под подоконниками, при условии полного перекрывания ими ширины оконного проема. Можно применить две батареи, если одна не в состоянии перекрыть указанное расстояние.

Выбор автономного котла

Перед тем, как сделать электроотопление в квартире, необходимо выбрать подходящий котел. Для современных агрегатов характерен высокий уровень производительности, простота установки и удобная эксплуатация. Они в состоянии обеспечить обогрев больших площадей, включающих в себя несколько отдельных комнат. Классифицируются эти приборы по способу нагрева теплоносителя.

Тэновые

В тэновых котлах используется такой же принцип работы, как и в обычном кипятильнике для воды. В качестве нагревателя здесь выступает ТЭН – трубчатый электронагреватель. Тэновый электрокотел в состоянии нагревать любые виды теплоносителя, в том числе незамерзающие жидкости. Он является отличным вариантом в тех случаях, когда обустраивается основное электрическое отопление. Стоимость приборов этого типа отличается доступностью. Сами же котлы обладают компактными размерами и внешней привлекательностью.

Для регулировки мощности нагрева предусмотрена возможность включения и отключения отдельных нагревательных элементов. Если один ТЭН сломается, устройство не прекратит свою работу благодаря оставшимся элементам. Основным недостатком котла с ТЭНом считается нужда в постоянных чистках нагревателей от накипи, которая появляется во время работы. Из-за накипи происходит снижение КПД оборудования, что провоцирует повышение потребления электричества.

Индукционные

Для нагревания воды индукционными приборами используется метод электромагнитной индукции. Он основан на повышении температуры специальных материалов, которые изготовляются из магнитных химических соединений. Внешний вид индукционного водонагревателя напоминает трансформатор, защищенный со всех сторон металлическим корпусом. Главным элементом прибора является индукционная катушка: ее устанавливают в отдельном герметическом отсеке.

Сильными сторонами индукционного котла является очень быстрое нагревание его сердечника, что способствует значительной продолжительности его службы. Работа прибора практически не сопровождается образованием накипи, а внутрь системы отопления можно заливать любой теплоноситель, включая антифриз. К недостаткам относят дороговизну этого оборудования, значительные габариты и возможность эксплуатации исключительно в закрытых отопительных системах.

Электродные

Работа электродных электрических котлов отопления построена на нагревании воды, когда через нее двигается электрический ток между двумя электродами. Электродные нагреватели удобны своей компактностью, небольшой стоимостью, отсутствием накипи в процессе работы, безопасностью и возможностью простой регулировки мощности.

Для электродных агрегатов характерен высокий КПД – 95-98%, что способствует максимально экономичному потреблению электроэнергии. Имеются и существенные недостатки. К примеру, в качестве теплоносителя в системах с электродными котлами запрещается применять незамерзающие жидкости и обычную воду. Чтобы обеспечить работоспособность системы, в нее нужно заливать специальную воду, в которой растворена соль в определенном количестве. Чтобы работа происходила без сбоев, а теплоноситель не закипел, вода должна циркулировать по системе с определенной скоростью.

Чтобы подключить электрический котел, диплом с высшим образованием не потребуется, но определенные знания не помешают. Если строго выполнить все предписания и соблюдать технику безопасности, готовая схема отопления обеспечит эффективный обогрев жилища.

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Prices for a good model start roughly at the £ 50 mark. 90016 90013 90014 Halogen heaters: 90015 You’ll recognise these from pub gardens. Halogen heaters radiate heat directly onto objects, rather than relying on convection to circulate the warmth. As a result, halogen heaters work quickly, and they’re efficient — so cheap to run. They’re also light and portable. However, they struggle in large spaces. Like most portable heaters, you can pick one up for under £ 20, but can easily spend over £ 100, too.90016 90029 90002 Here, we take you through our favourite portable electric heaters, covering a range of styles, before explaining the pros and cons of each type, with a little help from the experts. 90003 90002 90003 90034 1. De’Longhi HCX9124E panel convector heater 90035 90002 90014 Why we like it: 90015 Slimline build, quick heating and several different programmes to get just what you need 90003 .90000 Heating and Cooling System Basics: Tips and Guidelines 90001 90002 Most of us take heating and cooling for granted. We expect our heating systems to keep us warm during the winter, and we depend on air-conditioning to keep us cool during the summer. 90003 90002 When the house is cold in winter or hot in summer, the natural reaction is to call for professional service. Fortunately, there is an alternative. You can cut service costs drastically and keep your heating and cooling systems working efficiently by doing some maintenance and quick fixes yourself.But first, it’s important to know how the basics of how heating and cooling systems function. 90003 90006 How Heating and Cooling Systems Work 90007 90002 All climate-control devices or systems have three basic components: a source of warmed or cooled air, a means of distributing the air to the rooms being heated or cooled, and a control used to regulate the system (e.g., thermostat). The sources of warm air, such as a furnace, and cool air, such as an air conditioner, in a house often use the same distribution and control systems.If your house has central air conditioning, cool air probably flows through the same ducts that heat does and is regulated by the same thermostat. When a heating or cooling system malfunctions, any of these three basic components may be causing the problem. 90003 90002 Both heating and air conditioning work on the principle that heat always moves from a warm object to a cooler one, just as water flows from a higher to a lower level. Furnaces and heaters put heat into the air to make your home warmer; air conditioners remove heat to make your home cooler.90003 90002 All heating and cooling units burn fuel. Air conditioners use electricity. Most home heating systems use gas or fuel oil; other systems use electricity. The heat pump — an electrically powered climate control unit — both heats and cools air. In summer it extracts heat from the air inside your home. 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Wind generation rose from 55 million MWh in 2008 to 275 million MWh in 2018 (6.5% of total electricity generation), exceeded only by conventional hydroelectric at 292 million MWh (6.9% of total generation). Which is all good news for reducing the carbon footprint of our energy needs. 90005 90004 This compares to Canada, where around 67% of Canada’s electricity comes from renewable sources and 82% from non-GHG emitting sources — Canada is the world’s second largest producer of hydroelectricity.90005 90004 The thing with Electric heating though in new or renovated Green high efficiency homes is that as the percentage of electricity generation by renewable sources increases, so does your heating system by default reduce it’s carbon footprint. 90005 90002 Electric heat sources: 90003 90004 Heating with electricity is not defined by just baseboard heaters or an electric forced-air furnace. 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A furnace too large for a given space will finish its heating cycle faster, spending more time in its startup phase rather than its maximum efficiency operating level. And smaller furnaces are cheaper, so it’s a win win situation. 90005 90002 Electric baseboard heaters: 90003 90004 Electric baseboard heaters have elements that generate heat, which is then distributed through a convection process.Heated air rises through metal fins, while cold air is drawn in through the bottom. 90005 90004 Baseboard heaters can be controlled in a zone system, with thermostats in each room. This can help reduce overall consumption by enabling you to keep temperatures lower in infrequently used areas. 90005 90004 Optimum placement of baseboard heaters is underneath windows, as that is where you will have your greatest heat loss. 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They are a bit more expensive as they have moving parts, but do not be up-sold to convection heaters with the common misconception that they offer greater efficiency. 90005 90004 90005 90002 Electric radiant floors: 90003 90004 Heating cables can be run under both tiles and engineered hardwood. This is not a cheap system to install, but it is a very comfortable way to deliver heat.Radiant in-floor heat can also be achieved through hydronic heating systems, which when heating with water from an electric boiler again offers the same number of BTUs per watt but this type of system really needs to be installed when houses are built. 90005 90030 For other pages on 90065 eco friendly heating options see here 90066, from the EcoHome 90065 Green Building Guides 90066 90031 .90000 Is it cheaper to use an electric heater in a room or central heating? 90001 90002 I live on my own in two-bedroom house and do not like it to be overheated. 90003 90002 I prefer to sleep in a cold room and am only really bothered about heating on cold days in the living room. 90003 90002 As the weather gets colder, I am thinking about how I can save money on my energy bills. 90003 90002 Am I better off just buying an electric heater and using it as and when I need it and turning off the central heating altogether? 90003 90010 90010 90002 Is it cheaper to turn down the central heating in your house and use electric heaters instead? 90003 90002 Grace Gausden, This is Money, replies: As the weather begins to get colder and temperatures start to slip beneath freezing, it is understandable that many of us will be worried about how much we will be spending on our energy bills.90003 90002 Electric radiators are a popular solution to keeping the central heating on as many people believe that it will save them money. 90003 90002 There are a number of different types of electric heaters than you can purchase, including halogen heaters, fan heaters, oil-filled heaters and convector heaters. 90003 90002 Fan heaters are a popular choice but may be noisy and are often not as powerful as other types of heater. The Centre for Sustainable Energy (CSE) said a fan heater would be the preferable radiator when looking to heat a room for a short amount of time.90003 90002 However, it said convector heaters will heat a room more thoroughly and these will be the best option if you are looking to heat a room for a couple of hours or more. 90003 90002 Oil-filled heaters are one of the more reliable of the varieties. Even though they tend to take slightly longer to heat up than other models, they will stay warmer for longer — even after they have been turned off. 90003 90002 Halogen heaters are another option, likely to be most well known for keeping punters warm in pub gardens, but they work quickly and are relatively cheap to run.90003 90002 The different forms of portable heater also come with different heat outputs, for example, the most common outputs are 1.2 kilowatt (kW), 2 kW and 3kW. The higher the kilowatt, the more powerful the radiator is but it will also be more expensive. 90003 90030 90031 COST OF USING DIFFERENT TYPES OF ELECTRIC HEATER 90032 90033 90034 90035 90036 90035 Typical heat output 90036 90035 Running cost 90040 per hour (standard meter) 90036 90035 Running cost 90040 per hour (Economy 7, night) 90036 90035 Running cost 90040 per hour (Economy 7, day) 90036 90048 90034 90050 Radiant bar fire 90051 90050 2 kW 90051 90050 28p 90051 90050 13p 90051 90050 36p 90051 90048 90034 90050 Halogen heater 90051 90050 1.2 kW 90051 90050 17p 90051 90050 8p 90051 90050 22p 90051 90048 90034 90050 Convector heater 90051 90050 2 kW 90051 90050 28p 90051 90050 13p 90051 90050 36p 90051 90048 90034 90050 Fan heater 90051 90050 2 kW 90051 90050 28p 90051 90050 13p 90051 90050 36p 90051 90048 90034 90050 Oil-filled radiator 90051 90050 1.5 kW 90051 90050 21p 90051 90050 10p 90051 90050 27p 90051 90048 90034 90110 Source: Centre for Sustainable Energy 90051 90050 90051 90050 90051 90048 90117 90118 90002 Information from the CSE shows the cost of running a 1 .2kW halogen heater, on average, is 17p on a standard meter, which is generally cheaper compared to other models. 90003 90002 However, this has less heat output than a 2kW fan heater that costs 28p per hour — a massive 11p more to run per hour. 90003 90002 Whilst convector heaters may be a more expensive radiator to run, they will keep the room warmer for longer — and are a better option in the long term than a fan radiator. 90003 90002 However, to accurately determine whether an electric radiator would save you more money than central heating, a number of factors would need to analysed.90003 90002 This includes how many windows the room you are looking to heat has, what size they are, how well your house is insulated and the style of house i.e. is it old, new, leaky or modern. 90003 90002 There are also two different types of central heating — gas and electric — which come with pros and cons. 90003 90131 90131 90002 Energy bills: An electric heater could be cheaper to use but it depends on various factors 90003 90002 Which? figures show that the average cost of central heating in 2017 was £ 548, when the person consumed around 12,000 kWh a year.90003 90002 This equates to spending £ 1.50 a day on central heating but there will be plenty of times — mainly in the summer — where the heating will not be on at all, so it will depend on each individual person’s heating usage as to which would save them more money. 90003 90002 A spokesperson for the Energy Helpline replies: Overall, for heating the same space, using an electric heater is more than twice as expensive as using central heating. 90003 90002 However, from the multiple sources I’ve checked, it seems as though there’s agreement that electric radiators can be more cost effective if you’re heating a small area of ​​your house i.e. one or two rooms. 90003 90002 In the case you describe, it sounds as though it’s likely that it would be cheaper to use an electric heater. However, I can not say how much cheaper. 90003 90002 A 1.2kW halogen heater would be the most efficient in terms of heating your home but a 3kW electric convector heater would be the most effective at heating it faster. 90003 90002 You provided the dimensions of the room but the amount you would save would depend on many variables: ceiling height, insulation, the external temperature, windows, the efficiency of the heater and the central heating system, the unit rate of the reader’s electricity and gas.90003 90002 Rik Smith, energy expert at uSwitch, replies: The average price for a unit of gas is about three times less than the average price of a unit of electricity, so in those terms, gas central heating is cheaper. 90003 90002 However, homes come in all shapes and sizes, and different people prefer different temperatures. There are a couple of ways you can use your heating more efficiently to minimise the amount you spend. 90003 90002 If you live in a large property but do not need to keep every room the same temperature you could use room or radiator thermostats target the heat towards rooms you use the most.90003 90002 This also helps you to avoid over-heating individual rooms or having the heating on for too long when you do not need it. 90003 90157 90157 90002 As the weather gets colder, UK households will be paying more money towards energy bills 90003 90002 Likewise, timers on your boiler or individual electric radiators mean you can heat your home when you need to rather than wasting money by having the heating on when you’re not there. 90003 90002 But try to avoid going from one extreme to the other.If you are spending most of your time in one room, then spending a prolonged time in another very cold room could pose a health risk — especially for the elderly, very young children, or if you have a specific health condition. 90003 90002 A spokesperson for the Energy Saving Trust replies: By using a standard electric heater this will cost considerably more than using gas central heating in most circumstances, potentially three times as much depending on your tariffs. 90003 90002 However if you’re only heating one room and only for a short time, firing up the boiler and heating system may be a little over the top, and you could end up using considerably more gas than the theory suggests.90003 90002 Therefore, it may be better to use to heat the room all day (however make sure all the other radiators are turned right down) and only use the electric radiator if you just want a short blast of heat at certain times of the day . 90003 90002 Grace Gausden, This is Money, adds: If you are thinking of using an electric heater as opposed to your central heating, it will be worth measuring the size of the room and taking into account all of the variables before making a decision. 90003 90002 You will then need to decide what type of electric heater would be the most suitable for you as each of them have different benefits.90003 90002 Whether it is cheaper to use a heater could also depend on the length of winter as that will determine how long you will need to be using it for. There are energy calculators you can use online that will help you work out how much money you will be spending on your energy bill. 90003 90002 Either way, it is always worth keeping an eye on your energy bills to see if, and when, you are spending more money and whether that could be a result of using electric heaters or having the central heating turned up.90003 90179 Tips on how to keep your home warm and energy efficient 90180 90002 Mark Ronald, lead engineer at Hometree, has given his top tips 90003.